How Living Environments Influence Aging in Spain
La Vanguardia recently published an article discussing how living environments influence aging in Spain.
As Spain’s population ages and its cities grow, the question arises: Are urban environments truly suitable for older adults to live healthily, comfortably, and with dignity? Cities provide access to healthcare, social activities, and services that are often unavailable in rural areas. However, they can also present significant challenges to the quality of life for seniors. Issues such as accessibility, walkability, and proximity to essential services shape the experiences of older adults. Are urban spaces adapted to meet their needs? And do rural areas offer a more accommodating alternative?
The Role of the Environment in Aging
Dr. Vânia de la Fuente, a physician and anthropologist specializing in healthy aging, explains that the environment—whether urban or rural—is a major factor influencing longevity. While genetics account for roughly 25% of lifespan, she notes, the remaining 75% depends on interactions with one’s surroundings. Initiatives such as the World Health Organization’s Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities aim to address this, transforming urban spaces to enhance quality of life for older populations.
Sociologist Irene Lebrusán, a professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid and researcher at the International Center on Aging, emphasizes the concept of “urban health” as a key determinant of longevity. Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), poses a serious risk, reducing life expectancy and mimicking the neurological effects of Alzheimer’s disease. Noise pollution and poor housing conditions, such as dampness, exacerbate respiratory and other chronic illnesses, further impacting longevity. 
Urban Barriers in an Aging Society
The challenges of an aging population demand thoughtful adaptation of cities and towns. Architect Paz Martín, an expert in longevity-focused design, has dedicated years to exploring how architecture and urban planning can better serve older adults. Her personal experience caring for her father, who suffered from a degenerative illness, led her to study how physical spaces affect well-being in old age. This research culminated in the creation of EnvejezANDO, a platform advocating for inclusive design in both urban and rural environments.
Martín argues for a “paradigm shift” that places people—particularly older adults—at the heart of urban planning. Accessible sidewalks, efficient public transport, and safe green spaces are critical. Without these elements, seniors face mobility restrictions, increased fall risks, and limited opportunities for an active lifestyle. Green spaces, in particular, play a dual role: they encourage physical activity while improving air quality and reducing stress.
Housing is another key concern. Dr. de la Fuente explains that inaccessible homes, such as upper-floor apartments without elevators, can trap seniors in isolation, reducing mobility and social interaction. Irene Lebrusán highlights the emotional toll: isolation impacts mental health and contributes to shorter life expectancy. “A well-designed home—with accessibility features, natural light, and connections to the outdoors—can make a profound difference in aging well,” she adds.
Redesigning Spaces for Longevity
Martín stresses that cities must evolve to meet the needs of older residents. Public spaces, which serve as extensions of private homes, are critical for fostering social interaction and inclusion. “It’s not enough to remove physical barriers; we must also ensure access to services, transportation, and community activities,” she explains. Key improvements include:
- Benches and rest areas every 300 meters.
- Wide, unobstructed sidewalks.
- Safe, well-lit parks and green spaces.
- Accessible public restrooms.
Such measures, though simple, greatly enhance seniors’ mobility and independence. Martín also advocates for creating adapted housing within existing neighborhoods, allowing seniors to remain in familiar surroundings.
Urban vs. Rural Aging
Despite urban challenges, Lebrusán observes that older adults often maintain deep ties to cities. While some romanticize the idea of retiring to rural areas, few make this transition. “After decades in the same environment, people form strong attachments and social networks,” she notes. Proximity to family and the conveniences of urban life further complicate the decision to relocate.
Rural areas, however, present unique opportunities. Martín highlights their potential for innovative housing projects, driven by affordable land and strong community ties. Lower pollution levels and closer social relationships also enhance quality of life. Yet rural areas face their own challenges, including limited access to healthcare, poor public transportation, and geographic isolation. Irene Lebrusán argues that these disparities must be addressed to make rural living a viable option for seniors. “While hospitals aren’t needed in every village, ensuring reliable transport and healthcare access is essential,” she says.
Aging in Spain: Bridging the Digital Divide
Dr. de la Fuente highlights the digital divide as a major concern in rural areas. Beyond technological literacy, many regions lack the infrastructure for reliable internet access. Bridging this gap requires digital training programs, improved connectivity, and alternatives to fully digitalized public services to ensure seniors aren’t excluded.
Preparing for the Future
Spain faces a demographic shift often referred to as the ‘gray tsunami.’ By 2050, it is estimated that 34% of the population will be over 65. Martín stresses the need for coordinated urban planning to address this reality. “Mayors can’t ignore the fact that older adults will soon make up the majority of their constituents,” she points out. Many solutions, she argues, require thoughtful planning rather than large investments.
Lebrusán echoes the call for a holistic approach, warning against the fragmented design of urban spaces, housing, and community services. “Working in isolation leads to mistakes,” she says, advocating for integrated solutions that prioritize accessibility and inclusion.
Finally, she challenges the false dichotomy between urban and rural life expectancy. Longevity depends more on service quality and economic factors than location. Disparities, such as the 7- to 11-year difference in life expectancy between Madrid’s Puente de Vallecas and Salamanca neighborhoods, underscore the need for targeted interventions.
Conclusion
For Spain to truly support its aging population, both urban and rural environments must be reimagined to foster inclusion, health, and autonomy. From accessible public spaces and housing to improved transportation and digital connectivity, these changes will benefit society as a whole. As Lebrusán concludes, “The key is to ensure that older adults can choose where they want to live—a choice that, unfortunately, seems to be slipping away.”
